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Agreement
for Central America, Panama and Dominican Republic. Ministers of
Labour, Trade Unions and Entrepreneurs sign the Declaration on Employment.
Arocena, Rodrigo; Sutz, Judith. Interactive
learning spaces and development policies in Latin America. Aalborg,
Dinamarca: DRUID, 2000. DRUID Working Paper, 13.
The emergent "learning economy" is truly global in the
sense that it deeply affects the whole world. The emergence of "learning
societies", though, is a process that takes place only in some
regions, the patterns followed by this highly complex social process
being far from converging. The fact that some societies are becoming
learning societies and others are hardly following that type of
path is the new and most relevant feature of the development-underdevelopment
divide: this is the "learning divide" which is studied
in the paper. A main point at stake is that learning is bounded
to having opportunities to learn, which are related with access
to education and also with possibilities to apply knowledge creatively
while interacting in problem solving activities. The name "interactive
learning spaces" is proposed to describe these opportunities.
Arocena, Rodrigo; Sutz, Judith. Innovation
systems and developing countries. Aalborg, Dinamarca: DRUID,
s.f. DRUID Working Paper, 02-05.
Connecting the theory of National Systems of Innovation with Development
theory offers new insights for a global and interdisciplinary analysis
of the current problems of underdevelopment. Some of the main contributions
of classical Development thinking are seen to be most relevant.
The role of different social actors is highlighted. Attention is
driven to concrete processes of interaction, as well as to their
economic, political, institutional and cultural contexts.
Barbados consensus on development of local and regional entrepreneurship
and skills in the member states of the Caribbean Community. Bridgetown,
1985.
Buitelaar, Rudolf; Padilla Pérez, Ramón; Urrutia-Alvarez,
Ruth. Costa
Rica: Sistema Nacional de Innovación. (Costa
Rica: National Innovation Sytem) Santiago de Chile: ECLAC, 2000.
This study explores the characteristics and operations of the National
Innovation System (NIS) in Costa Rica, focusing on the changes it
may have suffered after the trade opening. The concept of NIS refers
to a group of institutions whose interactions establish how enterprises
manage to master and implement designs and production processes
that are new to them.
First, an overview of the development strategies developed in Costa
Rica is introduced.
The national environment of support to technological development
is described and special attention is given to human resources training,
the role of direct foreign investments, technical assistance institutions
and applied scientific centres. It analyses the interrelations between
enterprises and institutions through case studies conducted in some
productive areas. Finally, it reflects upon the future of Costa
Rica by questioning to what extent it is possible to expect that
the current National Innovation System works as an endogenous engine
of growth and has an actual influence on the international insertion
of the country.
Cusmano, Lucia. Technology
policy and co-operative R&D: the role of relational research
capacity. Aalborg, Dinamarca: DRUID, 2000.
Evolutionary theories of technological change and industrial dynamics
give primary importance to interaction between heterogeneous agents,
endowed with complementary assets and competencies. Accordingly,
support to co-operative R&D is central to technology policy,
as a mean for increasing system connectivity, triggering virtuous
cycles of learning and promoting variety. The paper investigates
the "chemistry of technological co-operation", relating
its effectiveness and results to the partners' relational research
capacity, i.e. their ability to evaluate, integrate, process and
exploit knowledge flows generated by the interaction. A functional
specification for the relational research capacity is proposed and
its properties are investigated. The formal analysis works as a
guideline for the statement of research hypothesis related to the
effectiveness of co-operative R&D programmes, to be tested on
empirical grounds.
Commission on the Private Sector & Development.
Unleashing
Entrepreneurship: Making Business Work for the Poor. United
Nations, 1 March 2004.
The report offers recommendations on how the major actors-governments,
public development institutions, the private sector and civil society
organizations- can modify their actions and approaches to significantly
enhance the ability of the private sector to advance the development
process. The objective of poverty alleviation leads us to focus
on developing businesses that create domestic employment and wealth-
by unleashing the capacity of local entrepreneurs.
¿Employee
or employer? Bogotá, SENA. FORMAR n°3, April-May,
2005.
Employers´update
magazine. Employers' forum on disability. Spring 2006.
IOE's
Executive Vice-Persident's presentation on creating decent work
opportunities with productivity growth. 5 July, 2006.
IOE.
Approaches and policies to foster entrepreneurship. A Guide for
Employers’ Organizations. October, 2005.
IOE.
Joint Statement on Youth Employment. Fourteenth Asian Regional
Meeting, Busan, Republic of Korea, 29 August - 1 September 2006.
Presentation of the Employer Spokesperson, Mr. Peter Anderson (Australia).
IOE/ICFTU
Joint Statement on Youth Employment. July, 2003.
IOE/ICFTU
Joint Statement on HIVAIDS: G8 Summit must get to grips with HIV/AIDS.
Geneva, 12 July, 2006.
IOE
Secretariat Note. Youth Employment. January, 2005.
Irigoin, María Etiennette. Hacia
una educación permanente en Chile. (Towards permanent
education in Chile). Santiago, Chile: ECLAC, 2002. (Productive development,
131).
This paper analyses the changes training suffered due to the demand
of human resources and the answers provided by the formal education
system. It also studies the changes in the training offer of educational
centres, enterprises and other institutions that share the efforts
of facilitating preparation for a society in a transition process.
In addition, other topics that leave room for debate are considered,
such as some of the paradoxes of current development, reality and
the scope of education in a complex scenario, the persistence of
problems that have long been diagnosed but have been given little
attention, and the urgent need to put more emphasis on basic issues
(functional literacy, global education, elementary competencies,
citizenship development, employability improvement) in order to
achieve a better management of knowledge and talent. The final chapter
deals with strategy and policy proposals to achieve an integrated
and permanent training system.
Joint
Statement IOE / ORIT / CLAT to eliminate Child Labour and its Worst
Forms in the Americas. Brasilia, May 2006.
Joint views of the IOE and the ICC to the ECOSOC High-Level Segment.
The
central role of the private sector in enterprise and employment
creation. 3-5 July 2006, Geneva.
Labarca, Guillermo. Formación
para el trabajo, entrenamiento y capacitación con participación
de empresas en la República Dominicana. (Training
for work and enterprise-based training in Dominican Republic).
Santiago, Chile: ECLAC, 1999.
This paper studies the most important training actions and strategies
developed in Dominican Republic to meet the demands of the most
dynamic enterprises in the industrial sector. The analysis considers
the heterogeneous nature of the productive structure of the country,
where there are two big sectors, one oriented to the local market
and the other operating on a free trade zone basis by producing
to export. Within each of these sectors there are differences that
can be explained by technological options. To cater for the need
of skilled human resources required by these technologies, various
strategies are implemented, which are described in this paper. The
purpose of the study is to provide a foundation for the design of
training policies and strategies.
Markert, Werner. Las
estrategias de formación de recursos humanos de empresas
multinacionales en América Latina y el Caribe. (Human
resources training strategies of multinational companies in Latin
America and the Caribbean). Santiago, Chile: ECLAC, 1999.
This paper studies the training strategies developed by multinational
companies with plants in Brazil. The analysis focuses on the globalisation
context of markets and the relationships of enterprises with their
head offices. Plant restructuring posed several challenges to enterprises
in terms of training. They were faced differently by varied companies.
The study concentrates on two German enterprises - Volkswagen and
Mercedes Benz -, an American corporation - General Motors - and
some Japanese companies.
From the starting point of this analysis, some considerations are
made concerning the new industrial scenario and the conditions to
implement flexible employment, where training has a central role.
Finally, some recommendations and suggestions are made to the design
and implementation of strategies and policies on the subject.
Prokopenko, Joseph. Organizaciones
promotoras de productividad: Evolución y Experiencia.
(Productivity promoting organisations: Evolution and experience)
Geneva: ILO. Job Creation and Enterprise Development Department,
1999.
This document analyses the concept of productivity and its importance
for enterprises and the development of a country. There is empirical
evidence that productivity promotes employment and poverty reduction
and it is closely related to human rights, democracy and tripartism.
During a second phase, the analysis focuses on National Productivity
Organisations. Therefore, it studies their evolution, roles, activities,
products and services. It points out the importance of participation
and cooperation of stakeholders in training and the need for an
institutional mechanism. Finally, it examines various experiences
of National Productivity Centres in several countries.
Silveira, Sara. El
rol de la capacitación empresarial en los procesos de transformación
industrial: experiencias interesantes en el área de formación
y capacitación para el trabajo. (The role of entrepreneurial
training in industrial transformation processes: interesting experiences
in the field of training for work). Santiago, Chile: ECLAC,
1997.
This piece of work emphasises the heterogeneous nature of development
processes and the diversity of strategies or paths followed by enterprises
to fulfil their objectives.
Adding to a larger study on human resources policies in the Uruguayan
dynamic industry areas, the methodology that has been chosen is
case studies about entrepreneurial training with the intention of
visualising the priorities, options, procedures and resources available
to the enterprise to ensure that their workers have the skills required
by their particular commercial or technological needs. Furthermore,
choosing the enterprise as a unit of analysis allows viewing the
role of interconnectivity among the positions and strategies of
the different actors (workers and entrepreneurs) with regards to
achieving success in training actions.
Schuurman, Hessel. Quality
management and competitiveness the diffusion of the ISO 9000 standards
in Latin America and recommendations for government strategies.
Santiago de Chile: ECLAC, 1997.
This document aims to demonstrate the importance of quality in national
strategies in order to increase productivity and competitiveness.
Governments in the region have established programmes that promote
and support the diffusion of quality management techniques. One
of these techniques, the ISO 9000 standards for quality management
systems, is the main topic of this document. It derives from the
Total Quality Management (TQM) philosophy and it has contributed
to increase competitive performance through a higher quality of
products or services and cost reductions. The document identifies
some of the underlying factors that have so far limited the difussion
of quality management techniques in Latin America and proposes policy
programmes to correct those failures.
Spain. Declaration
for Social Dialogue 2004. Agreement on Competitiveness, Stable
employment and Social Cohesion recently signed by CCOO (Trade Union
Confederation of Workers' Commissions) and UGT (General Workers'
Union) as well as CEOE (Spanish Confederation of Employers' Organisation)
and the Spanish government.
Valenzuela, M.; Venegas, S. Mitos
y realidades de la microempresa en Chile: un análisis de
género. (Myths and facts of gender and microenterprise
in Chile). Santiago, Chile: CEM, 2001.
Nowadays, the micro entrepreneurial sector plays a key role in job
creation and the economic development of the country. It covers
more than 80 per cent of enterprises in Chile and it employs nearly
40 per cent of the workers in service. During the nineties, it created
almost a third of the new job positions in the non-agricultural
sector. The group of microenterprise employers headed the growth
of employment at a national level (ILO 2000a). Despite the above,
it is not considered to be a relevant group when it comes to the
design of economic policies.
Villamil, Roberto. El
papel de los gremios empresariales en los albores del siglo XXI
. (The role of business associations in the beginning
of the 21st Century). Cartagena de Indias, 2001.
This document deals with the main challenges posed to business organisations
in view of economy's growing globalisation and internationalisation.
Thus, this account is based on the organisational changes that have
to take place in order to fulfil the objectives set: meeting the
needs of partners and clients in the business organisation, offering
quality services aimed at achieving efficient insertion and committing
to national development by creating genuine employment.
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